Objective: The aim of this study was to compare early maladaptive schemas and life styles in drug dependences and normal population to recognize their role in drug dependence. Due to their importance in interpretation of special situations, cognitive schemas and life styles have a significant role in cognitive theories.Methods: The methods of this research were post-facto and sectional styles. The populations were included of 100 drug dependence adults and 100 non-drug dependence who were selected by at-reach methods. Young early maladaptive schema-short form and Basic Adlerian scales for interpersonal success-adult form questionnaires were used.Findings: the results showed that there were significant differences between early maladaptive schemas and life styles in groups under research.Conclusion: the study showed that drug dependence people suffer from high levels of early maladaptive schemas and their life styles are maladaptive. As a result, in prediction of dependence to drug and in treating it too much attention must be given to cognitive factors.

In the 1960s, discovery of pleasure system (defined as reward system) in the brain that may underlie drug reward and addiction encouraged many scientists to investigate the mechanisms by which drug abuse affects central nervous system function. In this regard, investigators developed several drugs targeting the brain reward system for drug dependence therapy. However, no positive results obtained in drug addiction treatment. It seems that more brain systems other than brain reward system must be considered in this regard.

Objective (s): Commercial drivers are considered as a high-risk group for road traffic injuries (RTIs) in Iran and a clear relationship has been demonstrated for drug misuse and RTIs. To present the epidemiology of drug dependence among public transport drivers in Iran.Methods: Using capture-recapture sampling method the prevalence rate of drug dependence was estimated. Overall, 1506 drivers were randomly selected proportionately by type of vehicles. To test the drug dependence, a multi-drug rapid urine kit (ACON 10 Panel Drug Screening Test) was employed. Trained interviewers accompanied by traffic police officers in selected roads asked the drivers to answer the questions and give a urine sample at the police check points.Results: Overall, 14.1 percent of drivers were test positive. The top three drug dependence was from opium (55.0%), morphine (21.3%) and methadone (8.5%). Using logistic regression model showed no statistical difference for type of drug dependence by educational attainment. Drivers of trailers (21.5%) and trucks (15.1) were more likely to be drug-dependent compared to other drivers (p<0.001). Many addicted drivers preferred to use drugs during the night time (44.3%) and drive long distances (26.8%).Conclusion: The prevalence rate of illicit drug use among Iranian commercial drivers is high Prevention of drugged driving among commercial drivers is an essential strategy for avoiding RTIs. Mandatory drug testing specially during the night time should be put in force for commercial drivers particularly for trailer, truck, and for long distance drivers.

Introduction: The purpose of study is measurement of mental statutes of self introduction addict patients.Method and materials: 120 subjects were selected via simple random sampling method. Sixty of them were self introduced addicts, and the remaining sixty were normal subjects. The twenty-eight question General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) was used as the instrument for assessing mental statutes.Results: The survey of the research hypotheses showed that the mean of the addict subjects, resulting from all subscale of GHQ (the Physical signs, anxiety and sleep disorder, interpersonal relationship disorder and depression) were significantly higher compared to normal subjects.

The purpose in this study was the constructing and reliability of the measurement scale of the drug -dependency treatment improvement in referring to the center of Shiraz drug –dependency treatment. Research method was cross section survey. the population of the study was include all drug – dependency persons who had referred to the center of Shiraz drug – dependency treatment that were 20000 persons. The sample group for this study consist of 470 persons who had referred to the center of Shiraz drug – dependency treatment sampling method was step to step cluster. The instrument used for data collection was self – construct questionary. In this the study evaluated content validity, apparent validity, construct validity, cronbach alfa, split half. Data collected was analyzed based analyze factor, cronbach alfa, split half. the results of this study showed that factor loading in all questions is more of 0/5, cronbach alfa=%92, split half %66. Result of this study showed that the scale had suitable validity and reliability

Background and Objective: Fixed drug eruption (FDE) is one kind of drug rashes that is characterized by re-appearance of the lesions on the same sites after re-exposure to the causative drug. This study was performed to evaluate the epidemiologic characteristics of FDE. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was done on a series of 100FDE cases, whom were admitted at the outpatient dermatology clinic of Hazrat-e-Rasoul Hospital over a six-year period. The primary diagnosis of FDE was suggested according to clinical findings including a remaining hyperpigmentation at the site of healed skin lesion(s). Oral challenge test with a single low dose administration of the suspected drug was used to confinn the diagnosis. Recurrence of the lesion(s) at the same body area(s) was considered as positive result. Results: Most commonly causative agents were co-trimoxazole and codein, which were found in 88% and 3% FDE cases; respectively. The most common site of involvement was penile glans in 57.7% of male patients and trunk in 48.3% of females. In one patient, reaction to multiple drugs including co-trimoxazole, codein and tetracycline was observed and after re-challenge with each drug, re-appearance of the skin lesion at the same site was evident. Several patients reported concomitant acetaminophen intake, but there was no reaction to that drug. Conclusion: Co-trimoxazole is the most common cause of FDE.      

Regarding the role of individual and family factors in drug dependence, this study was conducted to study the role of early maladaptive schemas and family functions in the preparation for drug dependence. The statistical population consisted of students of Islamic Azad University, Qom, in the academic year of 1995-96, which was 12050 people. Among them, 300 people were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling using Cochran's formula. Data collection tools consisted of prediction of addiction tendency (Wade et al, 1992), family function (Keitner et al., 1983), and early maladaptive schemas (Yang et al., 1995). Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation, T test, one-way variance analysis and multiple regression. Findings: The results showed that the main scales of readiness for drug dependence have significant correlation with the patterns of emancipation/ instability(r=. 141 P<0, 01)، dependence / incompetence (r=. 143 P<0, 01) and vulnerability to harm and disease(r=. 174 P<0, 01). family function was significantly correlated with the extent of admission to addiction(r=. 178 P<0, 01) And with the scale of admission to addiction and alcoholism does not have a significant correlation. The vulnerability to harm and disease and the self-sacrificing schema only accounted for 5% of the change in addiction tendency. According to the findings of the research, it is recommended that counselors and psychologists consider both variables of family functions and early maladaptive schemas in relation to prevention of drug dependence.

Introduction: This study was performed to assess the effect of hypnotherapy on withdrawal symptoms and the relapse rates of substance use. Method: In a clinical trial, 22 subjects at the detoxification stage who were eligible for the study were randomly assigned to the case and control groups. Each group similarly took part in the cognitive therapy sessions. Additionally, the case group took five sessions of hypnotherapy. After six months of follow-up, relapse rates of the two groups were compared. Also, in the case group, the effect of autohypnosis on symptoms of withdrawal was evaluated. Results: By the end of the study, there were 40% and 73% relapse in the case and control groups, respectively. Subjective reports on positive effects of autohypnosis were 88% on insomnia, 80% on restlessness, 60% on pain, and 33% on autonomic symptoms. Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, autohypnosis has no significant effect on the relapse rates in opium users, but the effect was clinically prominent.

The aim of this study was to examine the role of birth order and attachment style in dependence of drug between people who referred treatment drug abuse centers in Kerman city. A sample of 100 addicted persons (60 men, 40 women) and 100 none addicted persons (60 men, 40 women) that gained the score bellow 23 in GHQ (General Health Questionnaire) were included in this study. The research theories were studied using Simpson attachment style Questionnaire and Ex Post facto method. Analysis of the data by Chi-square and Mann-Whitney U tests revealed that 71% OF people who used drug were middle child of family and people who had avoidant and ambivalent attachment style were more than who had secure attachment style. The gender had no effect on deference between attachment styles in people who used drug and people who didn' t use it. In addition, there was a significant difference between the attachment style of people who used drug and didn’t use it.